A Guide to LL.M. and Graduate Law Study in the United States 
by David A. Levy

This article was written by David A. Levy, former Kronstein Research Fellow at the International Law Institute. It is intended as an overview of graduate legal study in the U.S. and is based solely on the opinion of the author.

Part One - Graduate Law Study in American Law Schools

A strikingly large number of American law schools offer LL.M. and other graduate courses for international law students, as well as American students. The degree programs are varied, but most offer at least some sort of degree in international and comparative law or international business.

The study of law in the United States is unlike that in most other countries. First of all, the basic law degree, the Juris Doctor ("JD"), is considered a graduate level professional degree and students enter the program already possessing a college diploma. With the exception of a mandatory introduction course covering the basics of U.S. law, LL.M. students generally take classes alongside their J.D. counterparts. Depending on the policies of the school, special LL.M. seminars may also be offered, but may be open to J.D. students as well.

Secondly, American legal education is far more participatory than the traditional lecture method used in civil law education. Rather than relying on scholarly treatises, American law schools use the "case method" -- studying casebooks containing actual court decisions to derive legal rules. Moreover, professors have traditionally used the "Socratic" method of teaching in which the professor asks a series of questions thereby guiding the student toward the correct responses. All students are expected to read the assignments and take part in discussions. Many professors consider class participation to be an integral component of the final class grade.

A word about assigned readings. The necessity of reading English quickly and with good comprehension cannot be over-stressed in order to succeed in graduate study in the United States. Typical reading assignments may range between fifteen and sixty pages per class. I have had international friends tell me that the most difficult part of their LL.M. experience was trying to complete all the reading assignments.

American law school classes are taught either as lecture courses, or smaller seminar courses. Lecture courses may range in size from approximately fifteen people for a specialized course such as Admiralty or Conflict of Laws to perhaps sixty or more for a class such as Secured Transactions or Corporations. Lecture courses, particularly those which have a large number of J.D. students, generally are taught using the Socratic method and have a single examination at the end of the course which determines the grade. The larger the course, the more likely it is that it will be taught by a full-time faculty member, rather than by a practicing lawyer who teaches as an adjunct professor.

Seminar courses, on the other hand, have fewer students, and treat a specialized topic in greater depth, consequently the reading assignments may be somewhat longer and students are expected to participate more often. Seminars are graded either on the basis of final exams or through the preparation and presentation of original research papers, as well as classroom participation. Some professors will also agree to sponsor directed research projects.

Research and writing is an essential component of graduate legal education in the United States. In addition to shorter papers which are written for seminars, most law schools require some sort of graduate thesis of substantial length. This is the single most time-consuming part of the LL.M. and it is wise to have a topic in mind and work consistently on the paper throughout the semester or semesters in which it is assigned. Students prepare their graduate thesis for a supervising professor who is available to offer advice. Because the graduate thesis is so central to the LL.M. program, students with a particular research interest would do well to determine if the school has the resources available to facilitate their research. There is perhaps nothing more frustrating than conducting research and discovering the library has either very little material on the subject, or what it has is far out of date. Thankfully, the Internet has simplified international legal research to a significant degree, however, a well-stocked law library with knowledgeable staff makes your job easier. Many LL.M. students revise their thesis and submit them for publication to American law journals.

Final examinations are a necessary evil. In law schools, examinations are generally presented as essay questions, rather than multiple choice tests. A typical law school exam consists of three one-hour questions, each of which sets out a fact pattern and asks specific questions that are to be addressed in an essay. These exams are comprehensive and generally test all the areas covered in the lectures. Some professors permit the students to bring written materials into the examination room and others require the exams to be "closed book", that is, taken without the benefit of any reference materials. The professors will make their policies clear, and failure to abide by the examination rules is considered a violation of the school's honor code -- a very serious infraction. Examinations are timed, and while some schools permit additional time for international students whose native language is not English, others do not. Again, the ability to read and write legal English is key to success in American law schools. For representative examples of American law school examinations, take a look at the International Business Transactions exams posted by Professor Peter Winship of the S.M.U. Law School.

Part Two - Bar Review Courses and State Bar Examinations

In the United States, admission to the bar is governed state law. (The American Bar Association is a voluntary professional organization and ABA membership alone does not qualify a person to practice law in an American jurisdiction). There is no "United States" bar exam as such, consequently international students interested in admission to a bar in the United States must determine the rules for the particular state. If you are interested in sitting for a bar exam, you should find out the applicable rules and register early. The registrar at your law school will have information to help this process. The New York bar traditionally is the bar of choice for international LL.M. graduates. Bar exams are typically given twice a year, and the results are not generally available for several months. In addition, a written legal ethics exam may be required.

As incredible as it may seem, even completion of a three year J.D. degree does not fully prepare law graduates to pass a state bar examination, so the overwhelming majority of law students elect to take some sort of bar review course. These bar review courses are not taught like standard law school classes and are designed to provide a great deal of information about different legal topics in a relatively short period of time. You will have an opportunity to register for such courses through representatives at your law school. While there are a number of good bar review courses available, some of the more common companies offering such courses include Bar-Bri, Pieper Bar Review, and PMBR.

Part Three - Preparing for Graduate Study

Graduate legal study in the U.S. is a major step in your professional career. Although it is rewarding, it is by no means easy, and you will be confronted with large quantities of unfamiliar legal material, possibly in a language with which you are not entirely comfortable. To ease the transition, the International Law Institute offers two programs, the Introduction to Legal English course and the Orientation to the U.S. Legal System program. Both courses are taught in the summer and are designed to familiarize the student with legal terms and concepts found in LL.M. classes. (What is "consideration" and why do you need it in a contract? How does the common law function without a Code?).

Even if you are not able to participate in these programs, you can help assure your success as an LL.M. student by reading about American law in English, and by arriving early enough to get comfortable with living in the United States.

Conclusion

I hope that you have found this LL.M. guide to be useful. As I stated earlier, these observations are based on my experiences and are generalizations -- not all Americans are the same and not all American law schools are the same. I hope you enjoy your LL.M. study as much I enjoyed mine.